that have been chosen by different protocols to pave the way for mass adoption. Despite all modern blockchains aiming to deliver public rails that are performant and secure, their approaches and timelines to achieve those goals vary.
To shed light on these differences, we outline the main functions blockchains perform and introduce a framework to categorize them. With case study-type analyses of Ethereum and Cosmos, along with a thorough review of Solana’s design approach, we compare their strengths and weaknesses. Our study highlights the critical differences between horizontal and vertical scaling and the trade-offs between them.
The report is structured as follows: Part 1 defines the core functions of a blockchain system, and then classifies modern blockchains into several encompassing architectures according to the variations across their functions. Part 2 contextualizes the tradeoffs required for scaling blockchains across each function , highlighting the way in which scalability optimization impacts important properties such as decentralization, security and interoperability.
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